Laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to remove ovarian cysts. An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac on or inside an ovary. While many cysts are harmless and resolve on their own, larger or symptomatic cysts ma need medical intervention. During this procedure, small incisions (about half an inch) are made to insert instruments for cyst removal. This surgery helps confirm, remove symptomatic cysts, and rule out cancer.

Indications for Surgery:

• i. Cysts larger than 6-7 cm
• ii. Cysts on both ovaries
• iii. Persistent cysts not shrinking over 2-3 months
• iV. Non-simple cysts on ultrasound

Post-Surgery Expectations:

• i. Resumption of normal activities, including driving and light lifting, within a week
• ii. Encouraged walking and showering from the day after surgery
• iii. Steady recovery at home

Risks:

• i. Possible recurrence of cysts
• ii. Pain control issues and scar tissue (adhesions)
• iii. Rare complications include wound infection or hernia

Laparoscopic myomectomy is a minimally invasive procedure to remove fibroids from the uterus. Small incisions are made in the abdomen to locate and excise these fibroids, which are non-cancerous growths. This technique allows for a quicker recovery compared to traditional surgery.

Post-Surgery Expectations:

• i. Most women can leave the hospital the same day or stay overnight if necessary.
• ii. Early walking is encouraged.
• iii. Avoid driving, heavy lifting, strenuous activities, tampons, and intercourse for up to six weeks.

Risks:

• i. Excessive blood loss
• ii. Scar tissue (adhesions)

Alternatives:

• i. Birth Control Pills: Reduce heavy bleeding.
• ii. GnRH Agonists: Induce temporary menopause to shrink fibroids, though they typically return to their original size once treatment stops.

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube. This type of pregnancy cannot develop normally and often requires intervention. Causes include blockages, hormonal issues, and smoking.

Why Surgery is Done:

Laparoscopic surgery is performed to:

• i. Confirm the ectopic pregnancy
• ii. Remove the abnormal tissue
• iii. Repair any damage if the pregnancy has ruptured

Post-Surgery Recovery

• i. Most patients can return to normal activities within a week, including driving and light lifting.
• ii. Dressings can be removed, and showering is allowed the day after surgery.
• iii. Activity should be based on comfort, with early walking encouraged. 

Alternatives:

• i. Methotrexate: A medication that stops the embryo from growing and allows the body to absorb it, potentially avoiding surgery.
• ii. If laparoscopic surgery isn't feasible, an open surgery may be needed, especially with severe bleeding. .

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus and may also involve the cervix, ovaries, or fallopian tubes.

Reasons for Hysterectomy:

• i. Uterine fibroids
• ii. Endometriosis
• iii. Uterine prolapse
• iV. Abnormal bleeding
• V. Gynecologic cancer 

Types of Removal:

• i. Salpingo-oophorectomy: Both ovaries and fallopian tubes removed.
• ii. Salpingectomy: Fallopian tubes removed.
• iii. Oophorectomy: Ovaries removed.

Laparoscopic Hysterectomy:

• i. Involves small abdominal incisions.
• ii. A laparoscope allows the surgeon to view the pelvic organs.

Benefits and Risks:

• i. Benefits: Reduced pain, lower infection risk, shorter hospital stay, faster return to daily activities.
• ii. Risks: Post-surgery pain and the need to avoid heavy lifting until cleared by a doctor.

Post-Surgery Care:

• Pain is managed with medication.
• Rest is important, with gradual movement and short walks recommended.

Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgery used to diagnose and treat endometriosis, where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus. This procedure offers precise visualization and effective management of endometriosis symptoms with less pain and quicker recovery.

Preparation: Patients receive anesthesia, which may be local, regional, or general, for comfort during the procedure.

Procedure: A laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera, is inserted through a small incision near the navel. Additional small incisions may be made for surgical instruments.

Diagnosis and Treatment: The laparoscope allows the surgeon to view pelvic organs and identify endometriosis lesions, adhesions, or cysts. Treatment options include excision, laser ablation, or electrosurgery to remove or destroy the lesions. Post-Operative Care: Patients may experience mild discomfort, bloating, or shoulder pain from the carbon dioxide used to inflate the abdomen